Perceptions of Adjustment to Stepfamily Living Research Paper

Perceptions of Adjustment to Stepfamily Living - Research Paper Example These chapters have been presented along a two step model of perception and conception. The above diagram shows the theoretical framework that must be adopted for the various direct and indirect decision aids for qualitative analysis in terms of the frequency of complaints as far as adjustment patterns go. This has been studied on the basis of multiple regression which entails the identification of predictable values of the independent and dependent variables through an equation. The scope for repeated purchases can be studied through a focus on multiple regression: The summary shows that the most popular aid was the cognitive functioning which had the strongest correlation with the dependant variable. This can be further studied through the Pearson's Regression as follows. The values found in the Pearson's model were entered into the Regression model as they were shown to correlate. Pearson's correlation has been followed to conduct analysis between decision aids identified by the consumer survey to study the complaint frequency in the adjustment process. This activity has been carried out to arrive at a conclusion regarding whether or not the variables enjoy any kind of association with one another. The output defined significant correlation with all decision aids. The values attributed to each are as follows: Cognitive functioning: 2.21 (r = 0.369) Age groups: 2.2.3 (r = 0.345) Sex: 2.2.6 (r = 0.344) Violence: 2.2.7 (r = 0.343) Overall policies: 2.2.8 (r = 0.361) In this case, another relevant evaluation method is the stepwise regression method. The stepwise regression method after the enter method in the multiple regression method. Model R R Square Adjusted Square Std Error of the Adjustment 1 .369(a) .136 .127 23.67861 a) Predictors: (Constant) Cognitive functioning b) Dependant variable: Frequency of complaints Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig 1 Regression 8667.706 1 8667.706 15.459 000 (a) Residual 54964.294 98 560.676 Total 63614.000 99 ANOVA (b) c) Predictors: (Constant) Age groups d) Dependant variable: Frequency of complaints Parties Involved: Demographic Inventory To begin with, the data collected has been divided into three basic categories. These include information pertaining to the following parties in the larger scheme of foster home relationships and other activities: (Zetlin et al, 2003) Foster parents / individuals Children placed

No Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

No - Research Paper Example These dogmatic traditional roles place women at a lower pedestal than the elevated platforms that their male counterparts proclaim so proudly. Despite all this discrimination, women have risen to overcome this uphill task through their in born strengths and power. I believe that women are strong, powerful, competitive and equal to men in all avenues of life and if provided with equal opportunities, they are bound to excel even where men have failed. The traditional traits that women are given include sensitivity, apprehension and warmth while in contrasting fashion, the men pose as emotionally stable, dominating, vigilant. These stereotyped traits are in essence transferred to their roles as women end up being viewed as having passive, caring and nurturing and subordination tendencies unlike men. Men on the other hand enjoy a stronger role that proclaims that they are strong, aggressive and dominating over women. However, these stereotyped views are not always reliable as it has been found that either gender has the ability to exhibit roles previously not associated with. As history has shown us, men can also be caring and sensitive while women have shown courage and dominance as is seen in leadership-oriented careers. However, the sexism differs in severity from one society to another as each society has its own values, systems and assigned gender roles. Since time immemorial, art has been used to represent and paint the society as it is. As forms of art, films have been used to advocate for, against or even to represent various aspects in society. Films have been used to depict the rot and evil in society, celebrate the good and righteous and also to issue warning against trends that might affect society in the future. The same principle applies to the acclimated trio of timeless classics: Metropolis, Alien and 2001: A Space Odyssey that in their own unique ways

Balancing Productivity and Quality Patient Care

Balancing Productivity and Quality Patient Care Balancing Productivity and Quality Patient Care Abstract The purpose of this examination is to identify challenges balancing productivity and quality patient care as it stands from a supervisory position. Today’s supervisors must not only focus on their staff and patients, but also on the organizational business aspects such as increasing productivity and quality patient care. Supervisors are getting sandwiched between balancing productivity and quality care. In this somewhat daunting quandary the supervisors must strive to find ways to accomplish both missions. As I will propose this will require communication changes in organizational health care systems and a paradigm shift in current ideologies in the health care industry. Let’s start off in my own backyard so to speak, my organization is a Nursing and Rehabilitation hospital. The Mission statement is, â€Å"Come Here, Get Well, and Go Home†. This is a 213 bed facility. There are approximately 135 employees throughout the organization working on any given day. The organization specializes in sub-acute care, long-term care and has a rehabilitation unit. Also the organization has physical therapy, occupational therapy and speech therapy components to support patient’s recovery. All of these people in organization eventually may have some contact with a new patient at different times in the recovery process. It is obvious from a macro-perspective it would be difficult to realize any improvements in productivity or patient care without solid supervisory skills and knowledge. Nursing is my focus and professional occupation in which I will narrow the field to nursing for this examination. As a nursing supervisor one has to continually be knowledgeable to accomplish both goals of productivity and quality patient care. Their responsibilities include planning, organizing and overseeing staff. Nurse supervisors provided leadership two staffs under their charge. The nurse supervisor implements and interprets organizational policies and procedures maintaining nursing standards and regulations. They also continually evaluate patient care and ensuring their satisfaction. A nursing supervisor skills also include budgeting, prioritizing duties and delegating responsibilities. Some of the obstacles that impede the ability of nursing supervisors out of their control is rising healthcare expenditures have motivated spending reforms such as Medicares payment system. While such initiatives aim to limit wasteful healthcare expenses, they may inadvertently result in lower-quality care: providers may face an incentive to reduce the quality of their treatments to minimize costs and increase patient loads. (McDevitt, 2013) Unfortunately this is not the only pressure in which health care organizations have to do more with less. Supplies, operating costs, state and national legislation has placed a huge strain on the healthcare system at large. In the past nursing productivity has been the defined as the ratio of patient care per hour, per patient to salary and benefit costs paid out to staff by the organization. (Kohr, 2012) In the current economy this does not take into consideration the level of expertise in which nurses must process information to accomplish the goals of increased productivity and patient care. After all of that is said: Nursing productivity models of any kind should take into account patients’ needs, nursing competencies, the availability of material resources, and services provided. Nursing workload is a direct reflection of these variables and affects the delivery of patient care, patient safety, as well as satisfaction of nurses and of patients and their family members. Many investigators have linked nursing staff indicators and nurse staffing with patients’ outcomes (Kohr, 2012) The problems of balancing productivity with quality patients care are reducing costs and employee hours for the sake of protecting the bottom line is that really â€Å"protecting the patient?.† Yet that statement has clearly infiltrated and grayed the area between professional ethical, moral boundaries. In attempts at optimizing for efficiency are we as supervisors ultimately must manage both dichotomies. Managing these dichotomies is seemingly overwhelming at first glance. This is what I mean by the proverbial sandwich effect, the danger here is being so overwhelmed that you are paralyzed into doing nothing. I contend that productivity and quality patient care are not at odds with one another: they are both vital to the success of any healthcare organization. The essence of productivity vs. quality patient care dilemma is this: Productivity is visible, continuous, readily-understood and directly measured: a daily metric. On the other hand, quality patient care is invisible, boring, discontinuous, indirect, and its success is measured by the absence of negative outcomes. (Appel, 2012) Now that’s somewhat of a quandary. Almost in the same breath organizations are willing to state quality patient care is our core principle. The problem, however, is turning that vision into action: it is in the daily operations (Appel, 2012) and responsibility functions of the nurse supervisor, this is where the rubber meets the road. Nurse supervisors are critical to the surveillance and coordination that reduce such adverse outcomes. Much work remains to be done in evaluating the impact of nursing care on positive quality care indicators, such as appropriate self-care and other measures of improved health status. (Mitchell, 2008) Nurse supervisors must instill in the people that they manage to continually gather information that can be correlated into data to finding that balance between productivity and quality patient care. Whether it be quantitative or qualitative data all must be brought together to facilitate to make informed decision for possible change. Harnessing this information could unlock knowledge that may elicit innovations striking that balance between productivity and quality patient care. Leave no stone unturned, is the mantra of nurse supervisors in today’s tough economic and social times. How do we start? Communication, communication, communication is essential to establish any opportunity to balance a seemingly diametrically opposed processes. They can be integrated (productivity and quality patient care) to provide success for the organization and the patient. Tighter reins of communication and functions must be streamlined for optimal performance. Nurse supervisors can trigger a needs analysis of the situation informing the employees and organization that there is a performance gap between productivity and quality patient care. This brings in the team concept of the organization as a whole (everyone’s job) needs to be the spearhead, focal point for systematic change and concern with both issues of productivity and quality patient care. A decision-making structures is needed, a paradigm shift. What is a paradigm shift? Stephen Covey suggests that a paradigm shift is what we might call the AHA ! experience when someone finally sees the composite picture in another way or finally sees the light. (Covey, 2004) The health care industry has been moving â€Å"paradigm shift toward placing more value on quality and outcomes. This affect has changed in the way health care organizations do business. Higher quality can be the solution, said Dr. Michael Ogden, chief clinical integration officer with Cornerstone Health Care during the discussion at High Point University. In health care specifically, higher quality could actually lead to lower costs. (Covington, 2014) As a nurse supervisor myself this sounds good but how do we get there? Some employers and health plans are pushing for greater price transparency. They argue that if consumers realized that they could receive high-quality services from lower-cost providers, they would seek them out. This, in turn, could encourage competition among providers based on the value of care not just on reputation and market share. (Unknown, 2012) Another aspect would be to empower the patients to be active participants making decisions about their own care. Empowerment of the patient also means to include them as a part of the health care team which may stimulate opportunities and innovation. As a nurse supervisors some of these ideas are not new, I however assert that nurse supervisors must educate themselves to perform their managerial duties at high levels, not only will the organization benefit, but so too will the patients. Nurse supervisors will need considerable intestinal fortitude to sustain balancing productivity and quality patient care. A nurse supervisor of the future will have to be multi-dimensional with traits like leadership and persuasion skills. Nurse supervisors must show empathy, creating trust with coworkers and patients. They must also have analysis skills, to be able to make fact-based decisions. Last but not least, a nurse supervisor must have performance management and coaching skills to follow through on goals and objectives. Finally, I concludes this examination by making a statement that balancing productivity and quality patient care will always be challenging. References Appel, M. (2012, April 20). KevinMD. Retrieved from The problem of mixing productivity with patient safety: http://www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/04/problem-mixing-productivity-patient-safety.html Covey, S. R. (2004). The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People: Powerful Lessons in Personal Change. New York : Free Press a division of Simon and Schuster. Covington, O. (2014, March 21st). Health care providers tout paradigm shift as path to reining in costs. Triad Business Journal. Kohr, L. M. (2012, November Volume 21, No 6). American Journal of Critical Care. Retrieved from Building a Nurse and Productivity Measure Based on this Energy Model: http://www.aacn.org/wd/Cetests/media/A1221063.pdf McDevitt, P. L. (2013, February). Productivity and Quality in Health Care:Evidence from the Dialysis Industry. Retrieved from http://www.econ.psu.edu/~plg15/gm_dialysis_Feb2013.pdf. Mitchell, P. H. (2008). Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville, Md: Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. Unknown. (2012, April/May). The Commonwealth fund. Retrieved from Quality Matters: http://www.commonwealthfund.org/Newsletters/Quality-Matters/2012/April-May/In-Focus.aspx

Lenin And Problems After The October Revolution Essay -- History Histo

Lenin and Problems After the October Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The initial difficulties faced by the new Soviet Union were to severe that its survival seemed almost miraculous. The remains of the czarist regime left Lenin to face a country wrought with war, devastated economically. Russia's involvement in World War I, followed by its Civil War, wide spread famine and a change in political and social ideology were the problems confronting Lenin after the October Revolution. Lenin did succeed in ending both the war with Germany and the Civil War for Russia. Yet, the economic and social aspects of the revolution can be more critically assessed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lenin knew the importance of ending Russian involvement in World War I. On March 3, 1918 Russia lost 1/3 of its fertile farm lands, 1/3 of its population, 2/3 of its coal mines and oil fields and 1/2 of its heavy industry to German peace terms. Though the treaty of Brest-Litovsk was harsh, the terms were annulled once the Allied powers defeated Germany. Lenin managed to end the war that had for so long depressed Russia's resources and morale. He succeeded in focusing on the severe internal problems of the new government, and in â€Å" saving the socialist republic† . One of the largest problems that Russia faced prior to the October Revolution was finally ended, though its effects were still to be felt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Almost immediately afterwards, in 1918, Civil War begins. The battling White Army divided amongst different leader...

Teaching pronounciation

Teaching Pronunciation Pronunciation involves far more than individual sounds. Word stress, sentence stress, intonation, and word linking all influence the sound of spoken English, not to mention the way we often slur words and phrases together in casual speech. What are you going to do? ‘ becomes Whaddaya gonna do? English pronunciation involves too many complexities for learners to strive for a complete elimination of accent, but improving pronunciation will boost self esteem, facilitate communication, and possibly lead to a better Job or a least more respect in the workplace.Effective communication is of greatest importance, so choose first to work on problems that significantly hinder communication and let the rest go. Remember that your students also need to learn strategies for dealing with misunderstandings, since native pronunciation is for most an unrealistic goal. A student's first language often interferes with English pronunciation. For example, [p/ is aspirated in English but not in Spanish, so when a Spanish speaker pronounces ‘pig' without a puff of air on the / p', an American may hear ‘big' instead.Sometimes the students will be able to dentify specific problem sounds and sometimes they won't. You can ask them for suggestions, but you will also need to observe them over time and make note of problem sounds. Another challenge resulting from differences in the first language is the inability to hear certain English sounds that the native language does not contain. Often these are vowels, as in ‘ship' and ‘sheep,' which many learners cannot distinguish. The Japanese are known for confusing [r/ and Ill, as their language contains neither of these but instead has one sound somewhere between the two.For problems such as these, listening is crucial because students cant produce a sound they can't hear. Descriptions of the sound and mouth position can help students increase their awareness of subtle sound differences. Here are some ideas for focusing on specific pronunciation features. Voicing Voiced sounds will make the throat vibrate. For example, [g/ is a voiced sound while / k/ is not, even though the mouth is in the same position for both sounds. Have your students touch their throats while pronouncing voiced and voiceless sounds. They hould feel vibration with the voiced sounds only.Aspiration Aspiration refers to a puff of air when a sound is produced. Many languages have far fewer aspirated sounds than English, and students may have trouble hearing the aspiration. The English /p/, m, /k/, and /ch/ are some of the more commonly aspirated sounds. Although these are not always aspirated, at the beginning of a word they usually are. To illustrate aspiration, have your students hold up a piece of facial tissue a few inches away from their mouths and push it with a puff of air while ronouncing a word containing the target sound.Mouth Position Draw simple diagrams of tongue and lip positions. Make s ure all students can clearly see your mouth while you model sounds. Have students use a mirror to see their mouth, lips, and tongue while they imitate you. Intonation Word or sentence intonation can be mimicked with a kazoo, or alternatively by humming. This will take the students' attention off of the meaning of a word or sentence and help them tocus on the intonation. Linking We pronounce phrases and even whole sentences as one smooth sound instead of a eries of separate words. ‘Will Amy go away,' is rendered ‘Willaymeegowaway. To help learners link words, try starting at the end of a sentence and have them repeat a phrase, adding more of the sentence as they can master it. For example, ‘gowaway,' then ‘aymeegowaway,' and finally ‘Willaymeegowaway' without any pauses between words. Vowel Length You can demonstrate varying vowel lengths within a word by stretching rubber bands on the longer vowels and letting them contract on shorter ones. Then let the students try it. For example, the word ‘fifteen' would have the rubber band stretched or the lee' vowel, but the word ‘fifty' would not have the band stretched because both of its vowels are spoken quickly.Syllables Have students count syllables in a word and hold up the correct number of fingers, or place objects on table to represent each syllable. Illustrate syllable stress by clapping softly and loudly corresponding to the syllables of a word. For example, the word ‘beautiful' would be loud-soft-soft. Practice with short lists of words with the same syllabic stress pattern (‘beautiful,' ‘telephone,' ‘Florida') and then see if your learners an list other words with that pattern.

Foundations of Human Development Worksheet Essay

Write the key features, listed below, into the correct life stage of development and most significantly affected age range. In your own words, provide an explanation of the term and how it affects the developmental stage. An example is provided for reference. For the purposes of this assignment, field marked N/A do not need to be completed. Teratogens Attachment ADHD Temperament Preoperational Thought PeriodIn-Vitro Fertilization ConservationSelf-Concept Refined motor skillsZygote Positive Reinforcement Sensorimotor Period Mobility Biological DevelopmentPsychological or Cognitive DevelopmentSocial DevelopmentConception and Pre-birthExample Teratogens are substances, including drugs, that cause malformations in the fetus (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.54). For example, the text states that teratogens are Certain drugs affect biological development by causing malformations of body parts and organs. Newborn children of drug addicts, for example, experience a number of potential developm ental problems such as low birth weight, muscle tremors, and physical birth defects (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.54). A zygote is a single cell formed by the combination of the genetic material in a womans egg and sperm. In-Vitro Fertilization is a process in which eggs are removed from a womans body, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory dish, and then implanted in the womans uterus (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.90). N/A N/AInfancy The central theme of attachment theory is that primary caregivers who are available and responsive to an infants needs allow the child to develop a sense of security. Bowlby believed that the earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life. He suggested attachment also serves to keep the infant close to the mother, thus improving the childs chances of survival.Temperament is each individuals distinguishing mental and emotional nature that results in a characteristic pattern of responses to people and situations (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.125). There are three broad categories of infant temperament that are often used as guidelines for determining normal infant behavior. The three categories of infant temperament are easy, slow-to-warm-up, and difficult. N/AChildhood ADHD, a psychiatric diagnosis, is a syndrome of learning and behavioral problems beginning in childhood (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.146). Children often fail to give close attention to details and make  careless mistakes in their schoolwork or in other activities. Also, they have difficulties organizing their tasks and activities. They are easily distracted by extraneous stimuli and they tend to be forgetful in their daily activities Piagets second stage of cognitive development, the preoperational thought period, extends from approximately ages 2 to 7 (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.116). Increased use of verbal representation but speech is egocentric. The beginnings of symbolic rather than simple motor play. Can think about something without the object be ing present by use of language. Conservation is the idea that a substance can be changed in one way while remaining the same in another (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.115). This means that the child understands that although the appearance of something changes, the thing itself does not. Fine motor skills are necessary to engage in smaller, more precise movements, normally using the hands and fingers. Fine motor skills are different than gross motor skills, which require less precision to perform. The sensorimotor period identifies a child as they progress from simple thoughtless reflex reactions to a basic understanding of the environment (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.116). Behaviors are limited to simple motor responses caused by sensory stimuli. Children utilize skills and abilities they were born with (such as looking, sucking, grasping, and listening) to learn more about the environment. Baumeister provides the following self-concept definition the individuals belief about himself or herself, including the persons attributes and who and what the self is (Baumeister, 1999). The self-concept is how we think about and evaluate ourselves. To be aware of oneself is to have a concept of oneself.Positive reinforcement refers to positive events or consequences that follow a behavior and strengthen it (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.169). Successful positive reinforcement results in a behavior occurring more frequently in the future. It can make learning fun, increase participation and cooperation, and help children learn valuable skills. Because of their mobility, children need constant supervision. Their interest in exploration, falling down, and getting into dangerous situations are all constant possibilities (Zastrow Kirst-Ashman, 2010, p.67). Baumeister provides the following self-concept definition the individuals belief about himself or herself, including the persons attributes and who and what the self is (Baumeister, 1999). Its psychological development due  to self-evaluation, but its also social development due to the benchmark we judge others by. References Baumeister, R. F. (Ed.) (1999). The Self in Social Psychology. Philadelphia, PA Psychology Press (Taylor Francis). Zastrow, C. H., Kirst-Ashman, K. K. (2010). Understanding Human Behavior and the Social Environment (8th ed.). Mason, OH Cengage Learning Foundations of Human Development Worksheet

Organic vs. Inorganic Food Essay Sample

Organic vs. Inorganic Food Essay Sample Organic vs. Inorganic Food Analysis Essay Organic vs. Inorganic Food Analysis Essay Organic food is the food that has been produced according to the standards designed to maintain natural production. In that way, fewer if any compounds of chemicals are used in the pesticides. Moreover, when chemicals are used in organic food, this is cautiously controlled. Genetically modified organisms have been the topic of heated debate for quite a long time. The opponent scientists argue against the rapidly growing trend inclined towards an almost total shift from the use of organic to genetically modified products. Proponents conversely argue for the benefits of an increased production of genetically modified foods claiming that genetically modified foods ease the burden of costly food production especially in poor countries. Though there have been unjustified speculations on the negative effects of GMO foods, the increased amount of food to feed the growing population is an evident benefit. Opponents base their arguments on the possibility of potential harm resulting from the consumption of genetically modified foods. Among these unproven claims are the ones saying that GM foods contribute to the increase in allergies, make the body resistant to antibiotics, and are possible causes of cancerous cells replication. GMO Food Should Be Extended This essay will take a some-say approach in order to discuss whether organic food has more value than conventional food, but the fact would be that organic foods are better than non-organic foods. The World Bank presented a research on the Agricultural Department in 2009 to assess the amount of income that was used on food in most countries. The report generated surprising results classifying the poorest countries as the highest users of their household income on food. Countries like the US, which have embraced the use of GMOs, were rated among the least users of household income on food. The American government has allowed the growth of GMO crops, and this is what has constantly saved the incomes of its citizens from being largely used up for the purchase of foods. GMO foods are resistant to pests and harsh climatic conditions; they also take a short time to grow, thus reducing food shortage and providing affordable foods. Poor countries should look beyond the unjustified claims about the negative effects of GMOs and focus on generating a dependable source of food to improve their economy. Genetically modified foods are likely to attract the attention of many people for a long period. Various people in different fields are trying to argue out the pros and cons of consuming GMO foods and growing genetically modified crops, but the decision to consume them or not lies in the hands of each individual. Food production for the growing world population is already a problem. With the current changes in climate, this problem is likely to become worse since the increased temperatures coupled with excessive rain will result in increased infestation of pests and diseases. These will, in turn, affect farmers whose yields will go down and the issue of world hunger will continue (Freedman, 2013). The use of genetically modified organisms will undoubtedly assist in solving the hunger problem. Plant scientists are able to match dominant genes in crops to create new varieties of crops that can adapt to the changing climate. This is an advantage that favors poor countries as a result of the large supply of food generated. Genetically engineered crops are able to resist multiple diseases and droughts thus ensuring that in the event of a dry spell, there will still be a reliable source of food (Freedman, 2013). The use of genetically engineered organisms has greatly assisted the farmers especially in the developed countries that have accepted GM crops. GM crops use less pesticide as compared to organic crops thus saving the farmers a lot of money and increasing the yield by enabling them to have a sufficient means of survival. GMO foods are also seen as more advantageous than organic foods since they stay fresh for a longer period and have better taste with added nutritional value (Jeffrey, 2012). Proponent plant scientists are encouraging the world to embrace genetically modified foods, because by doing so, the production of food will greatly increase, therefore the price of foods will go down and the number of people affected by hunger problems will reduce. GMO foods have many advantages that make them a better choice as compared to organic foods. Since pests are one of the greatest sources of losses to farmers, most farmers tend to use lots of pesticides which are undoubtedly hazardous to the environment, in order to protect their crops from the pests. GMO foods are pest resistant; therefore, they do not pose a threat to the environment. They are also safer for the consumers since they do not contain harmful chemicals absorbed from pesticides. Genetically engineered foods are also disease resistant and thus better than vulnerable organic crops since they are not affected by viruses and bacteria which cause many financial losses to farmers. GMO foods have high nutritional benefits. Plant scientists are able to genetically modify organic crops creating stronger crops that have more nutrients than the original ones. This is especially useful in places where the populations rely on one type of food. Such crops may be genetically engineered to allow consumers to try added nutrients and bring down the cases of malnutrition especially in the developing countries. Most GMO foods are developed to stand powerful herbicides, thus are not affected by the harsh chemicals in herbicides. This saves farmers money, which can be used on other needs. In places where cold weather is an issue, crops may be adversely affected by frost which harms young seedlings (Ruppert Henson, 1998). To solve this problem, plant scientists introduced an anti freezing gene which enables GM plants to survive in cold areas. This is good for farmers who live in cold places since they are able to earn a living by growing cold resistant crops. GMO foods are th erefore very advantageous to the world and should be developed rather than prohibited (Whitman, 2000). GMO foods are much cheaper than organic foods. When farmers choose to grow organic foods, they have to deal with problems such as pests, which, in most cases, cause farmers great financial losses by the destruction of produce. Farmers also have to deal with diseases such as potato blight, which affects even future seasons as some remain resistant to herbicides. Such farmers, like potato farmers, are forced to maintain strong herbicides in an attempt to avoid blight on their produce, which is very costly (Rotman, 2013). The world is still facing hunger problems which proponent scientists have attempted to solve through genetic engineering of foods. With the current unpredictable climate, the growth of organic foods proves to be difficult and expensive; therefore, even the actual food produced is very expensive and unavailable to a bigger percentage of the world’s population. Since GMO foods are engineered to withstand the current climate changes that have been attributed to glo bal warming, they will prove to be cheaper to grow purchase. This, therefore, proves their affordability even to people living in poor countries that are more dependent on high-cost organic foods (Connealy, 2013). People who have not yet embraced GMOs do not need to worry too much about safety since scientists have worked tirelessly ensuring that safety standards are met. GMOs are engineered to have better taste, faster growth, high resistance to pests, diseases, and harsh climate; thus they depict positive attributes as compared to organic crops. Where there is a high demand for crops, genetically modified foods are in higher supply and are hence cheaper than organic foods, which take a longer time to grow and remain fresh for a short span These negative attributes of organic crops make them expensive, more perishable, and vulnerable to harsh conditions as compared to genetically modified crops. The ability of plant scientists to transfer genes from different plants enables the organisms to have many desirable traits whereas the organic foods retain both desirable and undesirable traits making genetically modified foods more appealing and reliable both to consumers and farmers (Jeffrey, 2012) . Another advantage of GMO foods is that they help in conserving soil since there is reduced tilling as they require less weeding and cultivation. The use of genetic engineering ensures high levels of production and reduced effort and expenses. When comparing them to organic foods, their advantages greatly outnumber those of organic foods. Growing genetically modified foods saves on capital which may be used to boost the economy especially in the developing countries. The money saved by farmers on purchasing pesticides and other chemicals may be used for their own development in line with non-household products. The Value of Organic Food Some say that organic food is not healthier than conventional produce. Stanford University professional doctors went ahead to determine the value of organic food and found out that there is little evidence that eating organic food can be much healthier than conventional one (Azadi Ho, 2010). Some say that the use of conventional food can indeed lower the exposure to pesticides. However, research has proven that conventional food can do that only within the safety limits. That is to mean that eating organic food including fruits and vegetables has more value than conventional food, because it decreases the exposure to pesticides above safety levels. There are many reasons that lead people to choosing organic foods over conventional foods. These reasons range from environmental concerns to taste preferences. However, supporters of conventional food state that when it comes to individual health, there is not much diversity (Crinnion, 2010). It can be argued that organic foods carry high levels of vitamin C as well as proteins. Therefore, it remains the fact that those people that consume organic foods have a higher advantage of lower risk exposure than those taking conventional foods. Some also state that organic food offers only a little edge towards food safety having 30% of pesticide remains as compared to non-organic foods. However, the fact remains that organic foods are better than conventional ones since they are safe to feed on. Most importantly, both fruits and vegetables that are grown in the absence of chemical fertilizers as well as pesticides are safer than the conventional foods. Moreover, livestock that has been raised using organic practices are not fed with antibiotics or grown using hormones. In addition, it can be stipulated that organic foods are kinder to the environment than conventional foods. That way, organic farming activities are usually designed in order to remain sustainable and emphasize on both conservation and reduction of pollutants (Dangour et.al, 2010). Despite the many arguments against organic foods, it can be deduced that they are healthier than conventional foods due to the fact that studies have indicated that they have a gr eater nutritional value than the conventional products. Some also argue that eating organic food increases one’s exposure to many biological aspects hence putting the person at a high risk of food-borne illnesses. Several concerns have been raised against organic food due to manure, mycotoxins from the molds, and E. coli bacteria. However, organic foods are the best in terms of control of illnesses. They are unlikely to lead to the increased risk of cancer. Any traces of chemicals can also be washed away. Organic food has been proven to be friendly to the environment, because it assists in reduction of pollution as well as greenhouse gases from the production of food through the restrictions on the use of artificial fertilizers and pest control chemicals. Organic farms are also havens for wildlife since they offer homes for bees and butterflies. Moreover, plant, bird, and insect life comprises 50% of organic farmers (Seufert, Ramankutty Foley, 2012). That means that organic farming has taken a large part of the world. Organic food s are grown under the stipulated standards so that animals should be provided a lot of space as well as fresh air in order to grow and thrive with a guarantee of a free-range life. Most importantly, some may complain about the prices of organic foods claiming that they are more expensive than conventional foods. However, organic foods offer many advantages that make them better alternative foods. Organic foods assist in prevention diseases such as cancer and other related heart diseases. Research has shown that organic fruits as well as vegetables have almost 40% of antioxidants that help in reduction of cancer, heart disease, and stroke risks. They also consist of salicylic acids that assist in preventing the hardening of arteries and prevent cancer. It can be deduced that organic food provides more advantages than non-organic foods that are considered as fast-growing. Organic fruits and vegetables are only grown by a few farmers across the world despite the fact that they are in high demand. It is wise to state that organic foods are better than conventional foods due to their high value. Another considerable advantage of organic foods is that they have good tastes along with high nutritious values as compared to other types of foods. They have a notable natural flavor, because they lack additives that give other foods a diverse taste. Recent studies have proven the benefits of organic foods. They have found out that organic foods consist of more mineral salts along with other healthy chemicals than those consisted by non-organic foods. Most importantly, organic foods have the best effect on the reproduction of animals. Many researches have been conducted on animals and revealed that animals fed with organic foods become more reproductive than those fed with non-organic foods (Dangour et.al, 2010). Moreover, one of the main causes of infertility in animals is a large intake of chemicals that are riddled in their foods. It has become clear that organic foods offer better value than conventional food despite the fact that they have been criticized to have a short shelf life due to the lack of additives. Furthermore, organic foods assist in controlling weight in humans and animals. Research has provided that obesity is associated with intake of conventional foods such as canned food and fruits among others due to the preservatives. Obesity has become a major problem among Americans and has provoked continuous debates even at the congress level. It has become confusing if to define obesity as an epidemic. Organic foods assist one to control and maintain their diets. It is clear that the advantages of organic foods outweigh the disadvantages of the same meaning that organic foods are better than conventional ones that have been associated with many health problems across the world, the major ones being cancer and heart diseases. Organic foods can be found from farmers, buying in bulk during the peak seasons or growing organic fruits and vegetables (Crinnion, 2010). One can also breed organic animals for food purposes. Therefore, growing and intake of organic foods should be encouraged across the world in order to ensure that people are safe and healthy. Organic vs. Inorganic Food Debate on which food is healthy for human consumption has been present for many years. The non-organic versus organic argument has been present since the early 1970s. As early as 1970s, biology professors in different universities around the world were skeptical that there were some major benefits of either consuming organic or non-organic food. In the market, there is a wide variety of food which one can choose. People who are conscious of what they eat will always think about what they are ingesting. However, it is commonly agreed that people will always want to eat nutritious, good and healthy foods so as to live long and vigorous lives. The present world is full of cheap and processed foods. Although organic food promises a better life, it is impossible or hard to stick to one food type. This is because both non-organic and organic foods differ significantly. However, organic food is still favored by many people. To understand the contentious issue between organic and inorganic foods, it is essential to understand what they are. To start with, organic foods are food items that are produced or processed without the use of chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. On the other hand, inorganic foods are produced with the help of synthetics to get finished products. People believe that organic foods are better than inorganic, but biological test has proved that these two types of foods are almost similar. The pioneers of organic farming saw organic foods as having more life enhancing qualities than the inorganic ones. While there are some heated arguments that encourage the consumption of organic foods, it is still better than regular food that is not organic. In addition, these food items are not genetically modified. In the recent past, organic foods have become increasingly popular. The craze for these food items has swept many nations, and the demand for them is now on the rise. New expensive health food outlets have opened up in many regions and are stocking organic foods only. This has been informed by the recent health related issues. Doctors and nutritionist are encouraging people to change their eating habits by embracing natural diets that have been proved to be healthy. Just like the saying goes, an apple a day keeps the doctor away, a research by Chhabra, Kolli, and Bauer has proved this to be true. According to these researchers, organically grown food provides health benefits to Drosophila melanogaster. As stated in their research findings, organic food market is rapidly growing because of consumer’s perception of superior quality of organic foodstuff. To show that organic products were more balanced in terms of nutritional value than inorganic or conventional foods, they condu cted their research using flies. Their research proved that organic foods provide greater amounts of nutrients which lead to longevity and improved fertility (Chhabra, Kolli, Bauer, 2013). In order to show that organic products provided substantial nutritional benefits, the survival times of starving flies were determined. Flies that were raised on organic food (potato extracts) endured wet starvation considerably longer than those raised on inorganic or conventional extracts. The former also had a higher overall activity than flies that had ordinary diets. The fundamental question that begs to be answered is why flies that were raised on organic extracts didnt show outstanding activity. Was it because of their own developed resistance or because of the food type they were fed? These unsatisfactory questions or issues were addressed by performing preliminary analysis using a simple and convenient model system (Chhabra, Kolli, Bauer, 2013). The research was conducted using Drosophi la melanogaster. Recent studies have proved that this fly can be used to model consequences of disrupted metabolic homeostasis. Therefore, it can be concluded at this point that organic foods have more nutritional value than in-organic ones (Chhabra, Kolli, Bauer, 2013). To show that organic food is better than inorganic, another group of researchers surveyed food patterns among pregnant women. They also investigated dietary quality associated with organic food consumption during pregnancy among women in Norway. This study was aiming at describing dietary characteristics associated with frequent consumption of organic food among pregnant women. In this study, pregnant women who reported frequent consumption of organic or organically produced foods had dietary of the quality that was in line with public advice for healthy and sustainable diets (Torjusen et al., 2013). The importance of quality nutrition during pregnancy is beneficial to both the mother and the child. Preservatives and synthetics used in non-organic foods are addictive and can have adverse effects on the unborn child or the mother (Torjusen et al., 2013). The main finding from this research was that regular intake of organic foods among pregnant women was associated with good health. Women who reported a high consumption of organic food items scored high on the health and sustainability component (PCI). It was evident that an organic diet composed of fruits, vegetables and whole grain is essential for maternal health (Torjusen et al., 2013). However, a proponent of organic food can argue and say that maternal health is determined not only by the dietary consu mption but also by access to health care. The truth of the matter is that a developing fetus depends on the dietary intake of the mother (Torjusen et al., 2013). Another reason for organic food to remain the preferred food type is because the composition of non-organic food remains a misery to many. Non-organic or inorganic foods use synthetics for production purposes. Some of them include pesticides and fertilizers. Additionally, inorganic foods are not safe because producers can modify food items at genetic or molecular level. The use on non-organic food produce has been associated with estrogenic compounds in the body. All organophosphate chemicals from bug spray fertilizers are highly estrogenic. Inside the body, estrogen can cause cancer, uterine fibroids, infertility, or organ malfunctioning. In another research aiming to access the consumer behavior from Moldova area towards organic food, majority of the respondents said that they preferred organic food. According to this research, at the end of 2011, there were more than 37 million certified organic farmers. The largest grow of organic food was in Europe where cultivation of organic f oods increased from 0.8 million hectares to 10 million hectares by the end of 2009 (Stoleru, Munteanu, Jitareanu, 2012). This is a good indicator of the demand for organic food increase. Opponents of organic food claim that when one is growing organic food naturally, there are a lot of contaminations. However, the truth of the matter is that these food items do not utilize chemicals or fertilizers to boost production. Organic food is produced using natural means where even pest control is done using biological methods. Weeding is done mechanically or manually without the use of chemicals such as pesticides of herbicides (Stoleru, Munteanu, Jitareanu, 2012). According to the official information or data from the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Romania, since 2011, there has been a noticeable increase in organic systems. This has been followed by an explosion of organic food consumption among many people and households. To ensure that consumers are aware of what they are buying, many authorities have made it mandatory for effective labeling of food products. Many countries have introduced the new mandatory EU logo for organic foods (Stoleru, Munteanu, Jitareanu, 2012). As the aim of this research was to access the consumer behavior from Moldova area towards organic food, consumption frequency of organic products indicated most people ate organic foods. 45.13% of the respondents said that they had consumed organic food more than once in a week (Stoleru, Munteanu, Jitareanu, 2012). The most consumed organic food items were fruits, basic products, vegetables and beverages. Someone may point out that organic food is always expensive compared to inorganic. Proponents of inorganic food may claim that production of inorganic foods is cheap. While this is true, people are increasingly becoming conscious of what they eat. They are opting for food products that have no chemicals. Therefore, most people do not consider buying cheap inorganic foods which are full of chemicals (Stoleru, Munteanu, Jitareanu, 2012). Instead, more and more are turning to organic food despite its high price. What most proponents of inorganic food do not remember is that it is always good to prevent a disease than curing. As a result of increased use of chemicals in the production of inorganic foods, a lot of chemicals end up being used. Some of these chemicals are carcinogenic and people end up suffering cancer. Today, treating cancer is very expensive, and this is what people who prefer organic food have realized. For them, it is better buying the expensive organic foods rather than buy the carcinogenic inorganic ones (Stoleru, Munteanu, Jitareanu, 2012). Another study aiming to access consumer attitudes, knowledge and consumption of organic yogurt was conducted. The research findings indicated that most consumers had a positive perception of organic yogurt quality. Most people evaluate organic yogurt more highly than conventional yogurt on the aspects of healthiness, quality, taste safety, packaging, environmental friendliness and trustworthiness (Van Loo, Diem, Pieniak, Verbeke, 2012). Consumers rate the healthiness of organic yogurt as the attribute with the greatest difference between from inorganic yogurt. This is consistent with other studies indicating that health and food safety are the key drivers for organic food purchase. The second largest perceived difference is the perception that organic yogurt is environmentally friendly (Van Loo, Diem, Pieniak, Verbeke, 2012). This is also a good indicator of why organic yogurt has continued to be bought in large amounts. Therefore, it can be concluded that organic products such as yogurt will continue leading in terms of purchases (Van Loo, Diem, Pieniak, Verbeke, 2012). In a research conducted by Murali Gopal, Alka Gupta and George Thomas, soil microbes need food that is provided through recycling Agro wastes. According to this research, if enough compounds can be introduced to the soil through recycling, there is no need to use synthetics such as fertilizers. Increasing evidence is indicating that soil microorganisms are responsible for the provision of food to the world (Gopal, Gupta, Thomas, 2013). However, less importance has been given to satisfy the needs of millions of soil microbes. Carbon presented as soil organic carbon is the food that these microbes eat. In India, hundreds of tons of carbon present in agro-wastes are squandered by burning. Through recycling of agro-wastes, carbon is returned to the soil to provide food for the microbes. Therefore, there is no need of using synthetics or chemicals to produce food (Gopal, Gupta Thomas, 2013). However, one may ask if recycling can control pests in the process of organic food production. T he answer to this question is that there are better methods of controlling pests and weed. Biological control of pests has been known for not only enhancing safe food production, but also to be environmentally friendly. Therefore, there is no doubt that organic food is a better option when compared to inorganic foods (Gopal, Gupta, Thomas, 2013). live CHAT In an effort to prove that inorganic food is better than organic, Rafi Grosglik conducted a research on organic hummus and cultural globalization in Israel. Hummus has become a common food in Israel and its becoming a cultural identity of the country (Grosglik, 2011). It is customary to see organic food representing locality, health, ecology and social justice. It also embodies representations of globalism and westernism. This is because of its addition to the international industrial system and its background among the materialistic social elite in the Western world. The production, distribution and consumption of organic hummus show an increase in its demand. Global socioeconomic situations and concepts entrenched in the model of organic food associated to hummus allow the imagined localization of the dish (Grosglik, 2011). Hummus is a dish assumed to represent earthiness, local simplicity and rootedness. However, in the current context of organic and inorganic, the organic version of hummus wears a symbolic and economic framework. This is not only in Israel but globally. It has been used to demonstrate a symbolic cosmopolitan. In conclusion, this argument of which food type is better for human consumption should come to an end because organic food is the best without any doubts (Grosglik, 2011). Organic foods have an extremely high profile and are continuing to be popular in many grocery stores. People should not be blinded by cheap inorganic foods that have been linked to various cancers. Genetically modified foods have a great impact on the world today. If more countries accepted the consumption of GMO foods, the problem of hunger would be long gone. The number of deaths associated with starvation would reduce considerably, and poor countries would use their income on economic development rather than on household items. Many people would also earn their living through farming regardless of their climatic location since GMO foods are resistant to harsh climatic changes. The issue of environmental conservation would also be boosted since there would be less pollution from pesticides and other farming chemicals resulting from their reduced application. Developing countries should also embrace genetically modified foods to counter the effects of droughts on food production. Genetically modified foods are the solution to many of the food problems facing numerous countries today and should be accepted instead of being rejected. Advantages of organic foods outweigh their disadvantages. Conventional food have been known to cause several illnesses and obesity meaning that overtaking them renders people to high risks of illnesses. Organic foods have also been cited as safe to both humans and animals. Moreover, they are environmentally friendly since they help to control pollution. Organic foods have also been associated with good tastes despite the fact that they are in low supply since they are produced by counted farmers across the world. Therefore, organic foods are better than non-organic.

Taller Than He

Taller Than He Taller Than He Taller Than He By Maeve Maddox A reader questions the use of than him in the following statement: From 1970 on, his secretary Marie-Josà © Gros-Dubois, twenty years younger than him, was faithfully near his side. Asks the reader, Is this correct?or should it say â€Å"twenty years younger than he†? Whether than him is correct or not depends upon whether than is seen as a preposition or a conjunction. Since I cannot think of than as anything but a conjunction, the use of than him in this sentence strikes me as non-standard. The OED has listings for than as a demonstrative pronoun and as a conjunction, but not as a preposition. However, it does include a note about the use of than as a preposition and states that this use is now considered incorrect. Merriam-Webster, however, defends the use of than as a preposition. [than as a preposition is] used by speakers on all educational levels and by many reputable writers with the objective case form of the following pronoun when the first term in the comparison is the subject of a verb or the predicative complement after a copulative verb though disapproved by some grammarians except in the phrase than whom Bottom line: If youre writing for a British audience, dont ever write than him. If youre writing for an American audience, think twice about it. Written English is more conservative than spoken English. Speakers who think nothing of saying Shes taller than me in conversation may still cringe to see it in print. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:15 Terms for Those Who Tell the Future40 Fish IdiomsIf I Was vs. If I Were

According to alderman

According to alderman Based on Alderman (1999), determination could be affected by home-notion (Zimmerman, 2000). Home-notion may ruin oneis determination to complete confirmed task-based around the perception the capability to do the job is missing; or even the determination is suppressed due to the perception the job lacks difficult elements (Alderman, 1999; Bandura, 1997; Calder Staw, 1975). Study suggests that pupils understand themselves as more, the more demanding the objectives they follow is likely to be (Zimmerman, Bandura Martinez-Pons, 1992). Based on Zimmerman (2000), study in the past 2 decades has uncovered that self efficacy is just a very effective predictor of the pupilis determination and understanding. Selfefficacy is just a performance-centered measure of the observed capability and so varies theoretically from motivational constructs for example result objectives or selfconcept (Zimmerman, 2000). Often, the conditions self-efficacy self and principle are misunderstood to truly have the meaning. Self efficacy relates to oneis observed capabilities to complete a particular job; while, self idea approved critiques from household or friends and is just a composite take a look at yourself thought to have now been shaped from one's encounters. Selfconcept and selfefficacy might equally be properly used away from framework of understanding (Bandura, 1997; Zimmerman, 2000). The part self efficacy performs in oneis determination and attitude toward language-learning is definitely an essential one having impact on oneis efficiency (Bandura, 1997; Drnyei, 2001a; Ehrman, 1996). While taking a look at language-learning several students experience they've to become risk takers since their home is put to do. Individuals with low-self-effectiveness understand duties of trouble as risks; these are people who live on the deficiencies and remember the hurdles they experience when seeking difficult duties (Nrnyei, 2001a). Grounds is for linking the idea of self efficacy using the determination to understand one more language. For pupils in order to concentrate about the job of understanding with almost all their might and dedication, they have to possess a healthful view of themselves as students (Nrnyei, 2001). Though previous achievements coupled with additional common measures of the capability are thought exceptional predictors of accomplishment, (Zimmerman, 2000) many reports claim that self efficacy values increase the predictability of those steps. One research that is such was that of pupils' home-tracking. The results directed towards the proven fact that the effective pupils were prolonged and supervised their working-time better. The research also suggested the more effective pupils to become greater at fixing issues than inefficacious pupils of equivalent understanding (Zimmerman, 2000). Zimmerman Bandura (1994) did a route analytic research for publishing and unearthed that selfefficacy for publishing was a substantial predictor of university students' requirements for that quality of publishing calculated as self-enjoyable. The self efficacy values additionally inspired the pupils' utilization of learning methods. Based on Zimmerman Martinez- Pons (1992), there is a considerable connection between efficiency values and technique use over the quality levels being analyzed. "the higher self and the determination -regulation in pupils having a large selfefficacy " of understanding...the larger the educational accomplishment based on a variety of steps." (2000, Zimmerman, p. 88) Another research Zimmerman (2000) records demonstrates a finding of a general impact measurement of.38 which this suggests that self efficacy is the reason roughly 14% of the difference in pupils' educational result across numerous models of pupil examples and criterion methods. In regards to the ramifications of observed self efficacy on determination, study indicates that it affects the studentis ability order by growing persistence (Schunk, 1981; 2003; Zimmerman, 2000). Observably, self efficacy performs a role in educational success, determination and determination. The results indicate proof of the credibility of self efficacy values as well as their impact on the pupilis approach to understanding and inspirational procedure (Zimmerman, 2000).

International Corporate Reporting Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

International Corporate Reporting Issues - Essay Example As the financial statements contain information about different aspects of the business that include revenue, assets, liabilities, equity, expenses, along with details and in a complete standardize format, further these statements are also audited which further add reliability to these financial statements, but the basis upon which these financial statement s are prepared involve some factors that may hinder the effective decision making process these factors include, Accounting estimates that are uses by preparers of financial statements while preparing these financial statements are subjective decisions, which is one of the big limitation of the financial statement as due to this factor the users of financial statements may be misled. Professional judgment uses by preparer of financial statement is also one of the reason which undermine theuses of financial statements, as it involve judgment in preparation of financial statements that may be wrong and can ultimately hit financial decision taken by users of financial statements on the basis of these financial statements. Verifiability of these financial statements through audit is not an absolute verifiable factor so one cannot take decisions like take over just on the basis of these financial statements while assuming that these are audited accounts, Historical costing is also one of the reason that may cause users of financial statements to be misled as in historical costing asset are carried in the books as cost of asset less accumulated depreciation that may not be the market value hence it may miss lead the users. Measurability is also one of the reason that undermine the uses of financial statements because it involve only those areas that can financially be measured and areas that cannot be valued or out of financial statements hence like good will and employees performance cannot be seen while reviewing financial

Consumers as Victims of Fashion Manipulation Essay

Consumers as Victims of Fashion Manipulation - Essay Example Fashion is a word that everyone admires and all want to be fashionable to be accepted in the egoistic society in which life prospers today. Everything from the color of the handkerchief to the perfume used is a criterion to measure the position of the person in the society. It is more or less a pseudo-prestige donor that the people rush behind it even if their pockets and wallets do not permit. They are compelled to do so by many factors around. To be precise, they are manipulated to consume certain standard of products in the society so as to make others approve them. It is basic human nature to have an urge for praise and admiration and the manipulating factors are well versed with this fact. It is, therefore, a necessity to study the situation and suggest possible solutions for the situation. The study presented here is based on the topic and the method used is secondary literature analysis. Websites like google.com and wikipedia.org are used for the collection of various data. Th e concepts introduced are supported by the examples of various advertisements shown on media. Fashion is a relative concept. Being fashionable is also the same. Fashion has changed from time to time. It is more or less prestige that rules the industry more than anything else. Fashion and being fashionable can be seen as the second side of the coin. The other side is that of consumption. Every fashionable being is expected to spend as much as possible to gain the best possible fashionable attire or accessory.

Maps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maps - Essay Example Due to the different kinds of representations, maps tend to have different messages and interpretations altogether (University of Southern Maine, p 1). Some of the interpretations give insight to areas with cultural, religious, economic, social and even political bearings. This information is important to any traveller or visitor to the area because it paints a picture that would not be easily expressed with words. This information, though essential to the visitors, is also useful to the natives. It helps them know their surroundings. An analysis to any map should be able to the information portrayed by the map. This paper will deal with the analysis of the American map in 1672 and its symbolism to the nation. Analysis of the map of America in 1672 The map under scrutiny here is the American map of 1672 (University of Southern Maine, p 1). This essay aims to critically analyze the underlying information that the map makers were trying to depict. One of the aspects that easily stands out is the presence of ships is various parts of the map. This brings out two aspects that were present at this time. First, is that, one of the most common modes of transportation were ships. The heavy presence of ships around north and South America suggests that there was a lot of movement to neighboring harbors. This also indicates that there was trade between neighboring countries. The heavy presence of ships all around shows that trade was quite prevalent, and this is also shown by the different kinds of ships around, this is could have been used to show other countries vessels. On some parts of the maps, a group of smoking ships are also depicted. This aim to show that these ships were in battle, or they were protecting the harbors from enemies. The smoke indicated the damage that might have been sustained during battle. The ships surround a half-submerged ship, which seems to indicate a fallen enemy vessel. On the bottom left part of the map, the map makers depict a group of Native Americans doing farming. This is an indication of the economic practices that were carried out during those times. Next to the farming there is a group of natives conversing with some merchant. This shows the time that merchants were moving around exploring new lands and looking for new trade relations. The map depicts the natives negotiating with the chief or leader. This depicts that, in this era, the merchants were trying to expand their relations and maybe create new allies for trading or other economics purposes (University of Southern Maine, p 1). This was mostly because there was so much competition between the Dutch and the Americans because of these new trading grounds. On the bottom left side of the map, the map makers show another group of people that are hunting. This also shows another economic practice that was prevalent in the era. The group of people is seen using spears and arrows to kill their prey. To the left of this is a group of other natives that are s hown as talking to a merchant as well, one is carrying a bow and arrow and another is carrying a spear, they are shown as paying keen attention to the merchant. On the bottom left of the map, new animals are also depicted. They represent animals that had been newly domesticated and were helping people with various tasks. The map makers have used a lot of different texture on the map to show the different terrains that were present. The darker textures depict the higher ground on the map, or the highlands. South of south America is particularly dark, and the map makers went an extra mile to show the hills. Apart from the terrain, the map makers have also shown running water bodies within the land. This is represented by rivers and estuaries,

Business Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business Research - Essay Example The commercial success of giant multinational companies such as Apple and Samsung creates significant spill over effects in the international economic system. These effects are created in the form of increased employability, augmented consumers utility, greater innovation and better standard of living (New Page Publishers, 2010). This business research primarily aims to analyze the most important factors determining the consumers purchasing intensions in the global electronics industry (Georgi and Mink, 2012). It should be noted that positive purchasing perceptions of the buyers within an industry is directly proportional to the efficiency of the marketing activities conducted by each company (Bray, 2010). It is highly rational to conduct this research because it aims to first implicitly analyze the marketing strategies and business performances of Apple and Samsung. The research work will also conduct an empirical survey analysis about the consumer’s perceptions regarding the products and services of the two companies. At the end by combining the two research results, the paper will enumerate certain recommendations through which the two companies would be able to enhance its business perforce in the long run. Long run growth of such giant multinational companies would imply progress of the global economy. Apple Inc. is a popular multinational company founded in 1976. The headquarters of the organization is located in Cupertino, California but it conducts business in almost all the prominent economies of the world (Apple Inc., 2012). Computer hardware, computer electronics, digital distribution and computer software are some popular products and services traded by Apple Inc. It is believed by the researchers that Apple Inc. has achieved multiplicative growth in business since its inception with the active contribution of its

Affordable Care Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Affordable Care Act - Essay Example This memo will investigate the impact of ACA on Employer-Sponsored Insurance (ESI) and will specifically examine various aspects of the Act that can discourage large employers’ to offer healthcare coverage to their employees. This can ultimately result in reduced access and quality of the healthcare services and increased costs. ACA is a law of primary importance for the people of United States because it aims to address many long standing issues with our health insurance policies including the coverage of children on parental policy, cessation of ‘donut hole’ for seniors, elimination of lifetime dollar limit on coverage, free preventive care and many other provisions with an aim to cover every segment of the society to maximum possible limit of coverage, even the uninsured people with a program to extend access to insurance and more funds to states to help them in extending Medicare facilities to low-income seniors. In essence, the program is a tremendous effort to fill the gaps of insurance coverage while safeguarding the rights of stakeholders. Still, there are areas which required attention of the legislators to device some amendments in the program in order to ensure and extend its impact on access, cost and quality of health care services. The employer sponsored insurance coverage is the hottest among the controversial issues associated with provisions of ACA that are supposed to be in effect by 2014. There are two major aspects of the ACA provisions, firstly the impact of Tax Credits to small businesses and its impact on coverage offers by the employer to low and medium salaried employees and secondly the impact on large employers after 2014 when the law will be in effect with all its provisions. The employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) is of immense importance to the American people because larger employers plays an important role in overall health insurance coverage and if these firms decided to drop the coverage its impact will certa inly deplore the positivity of the ACA. However, there is a clear divide among the experts and analyst over the estimates of large firms’ response in 2014. Some forecast a big drop in ESI and other estimate it to be stable. â€Å" While the overall ESI market is likely to remain fairly stable, modelers and other experts agree that some firm types and covered subgroups are likely to experience changes in coverage soon after 2014.† (Avalere, 2011). Although most of the surveys and analysis project a stable ESI market in post-2014 scenario, there are experts, firms and analyst who oppose with some valuable reasoning and proclaim that ACA provisions can cause a major shift in employers’ policy of health insurance offerings. â€Å"Overall, 30 percent of employers will definitely or probably stop offering ESI in the years after 2014.† (Singhal, Jeris, & Drew, 2011). This is certainly an alarming statement because of heavy reliance of nonelderly Americans on emp loyer-sponsored health services and no real solution of increased healthcare access and quality can prove beneficial unless it addresses this sector correctly and U.S. Department of Healthcare and Human Services is aware of the fact, â€Å"The U.S. employer-based health insurance market provides insurance coverage to nearly two-thirds of the population under 65. In addition, nearly 80 percent of the uninsured live in a family where at least one adult is employed. Therefore, building on these programs might be an attractive component of any

Maps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Maps - Essay Example Due to the different kinds of representations, maps tend to have different messages and interpretations altogether (University of Southern Maine, p 1). Some of the interpretations give insight to areas with cultural, religious, economic, social and even political bearings. This information is important to any traveller or visitor to the area because it paints a picture that would not be easily expressed with words. This information, though essential to the visitors, is also useful to the natives. It helps them know their surroundings. An analysis to any map should be able to the information portrayed by the map. This paper will deal with the analysis of the American map in 1672 and its symbolism to the nation. Analysis of the map of America in 1672 The map under scrutiny here is the American map of 1672 (University of Southern Maine, p 1). This essay aims to critically analyze the underlying information that the map makers were trying to depict. One of the aspects that easily stands out is the presence of ships is various parts of the map. This brings out two aspects that were present at this time. First, is that, one of the most common modes of transportation were ships. The heavy presence of ships around north and South America suggests that there was a lot of movement to neighboring harbors. This also indicates that there was trade between neighboring countries. The heavy presence of ships all around shows that trade was quite prevalent, and this is also shown by the different kinds of ships around, this is could have been used to show other countries vessels. On some parts of the maps, a group of smoking ships are also depicted. This aim to show that these ships were in battle, or they were protecting the harbors from enemies. The smoke indicated the damage that might have been sustained during battle. The ships surround a half-submerged ship, which seems to indicate a fallen enemy vessel. On the bottom left part of the map, the map makers depict a group of Native Americans doing farming. This is an indication of the economic practices that were carried out during those times. Next to the farming there is a group of natives conversing with some merchant. This shows the time that merchants were moving around exploring new lands and looking for new trade relations. The map depicts the natives negotiating with the chief or leader. This depicts that, in this era, the merchants were trying to expand their relations and maybe create new allies for trading or other economics purposes (University of Southern Maine, p 1). This was mostly because there was so much competition between the Dutch and the Americans because of these new trading grounds. On the bottom left side of the map, the map makers show another group of people that are hunting. This also shows another economic practice that was prevalent in the era. The group of people is seen using spears and arrows to kill their prey. To the left of this is a group of other natives that are s hown as talking to a merchant as well, one is carrying a bow and arrow and another is carrying a spear, they are shown as paying keen attention to the merchant. On the bottom left of the map, new animals are also depicted. They represent animals that had been newly domesticated and were helping people with various tasks. The map makers have used a lot of different texture on the map to show the different terrains that were present. The darker textures depict the higher ground on the map, or the highlands. South of south America is particularly dark, and the map makers went an extra mile to show the hills. Apart from the terrain, the map makers have also shown running water bodies within the land. This is represented by rivers and estuaries,

Affordable Care Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Affordable Care Act - Essay Example This memo will investigate the impact of ACA on Employer-Sponsored Insurance (ESI) and will specifically examine various aspects of the Act that can discourage large employers’ to offer healthcare coverage to their employees. This can ultimately result in reduced access and quality of the healthcare services and increased costs. ACA is a law of primary importance for the people of United States because it aims to address many long standing issues with our health insurance policies including the coverage of children on parental policy, cessation of ‘donut hole’ for seniors, elimination of lifetime dollar limit on coverage, free preventive care and many other provisions with an aim to cover every segment of the society to maximum possible limit of coverage, even the uninsured people with a program to extend access to insurance and more funds to states to help them in extending Medicare facilities to low-income seniors. In essence, the program is a tremendous effort to fill the gaps of insurance coverage while safeguarding the rights of stakeholders. Still, there are areas which required attention of the legislators to device some amendments in the program in order to ensure and extend its impact on access, cost and quality of health care services. The employer sponsored insurance coverage is the hottest among the controversial issues associated with provisions of ACA that are supposed to be in effect by 2014. There are two major aspects of the ACA provisions, firstly the impact of Tax Credits to small businesses and its impact on coverage offers by the employer to low and medium salaried employees and secondly the impact on large employers after 2014 when the law will be in effect with all its provisions. The employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) is of immense importance to the American people because larger employers plays an important role in overall health insurance coverage and if these firms decided to drop the coverage its impact will certa inly deplore the positivity of the ACA. However, there is a clear divide among the experts and analyst over the estimates of large firms’ response in 2014. Some forecast a big drop in ESI and other estimate it to be stable. â€Å" While the overall ESI market is likely to remain fairly stable, modelers and other experts agree that some firm types and covered subgroups are likely to experience changes in coverage soon after 2014.† (Avalere, 2011). Although most of the surveys and analysis project a stable ESI market in post-2014 scenario, there are experts, firms and analyst who oppose with some valuable reasoning and proclaim that ACA provisions can cause a major shift in employers’ policy of health insurance offerings. â€Å"Overall, 30 percent of employers will definitely or probably stop offering ESI in the years after 2014.† (Singhal, Jeris, & Drew, 2011). This is certainly an alarming statement because of heavy reliance of nonelderly Americans on emp loyer-sponsored health services and no real solution of increased healthcare access and quality can prove beneficial unless it addresses this sector correctly and U.S. Department of Healthcare and Human Services is aware of the fact, â€Å"The U.S. employer-based health insurance market provides insurance coverage to nearly two-thirds of the population under 65. In addition, nearly 80 percent of the uninsured live in a family where at least one adult is employed. Therefore, building on these programs might be an attractive component of any

The Smoking of Tobacco Essay Example for Free

The Smoking of Tobacco Essay The smoking of tobacco became prevalent early in this century. The production of flue-cured tobacco, the development of cigarette rolling machines, and a public health concern over tuberculosis germs being spread through the cuspidors associated with snuff and chewing tobacco, all contributed to an increase in cigarette smoking. As smoking became more common, health problems emerged which seemed to be related to smoking. In the 1950’s, sir Richard Doll, a British researcher, studied the smoking habits of more than 34,000 physicians and found a strong correlation between smoking and disease. Throughout the 1950’s, research data on the effects of tobacco on human health hazard of sufficient importance in the United States to warrant appropriate remedial action. Since then, each Surgeon General has spoken out against smoking; the current Surgeon General proclaims smoking to be the number one preventable cause of disease and death. Medical science is in general agreement that use of tobacco endangers one’s health. Lung Cancer was the first health effect to be linked to smoking. Subsequent research has linked tobacco usage to heart disease, emphysema, and several other forms of cancer. Recent research has even suggested harmful effects to unborn children of smokers and to those non-smokers exposed to the side-smoke of smokers. One of the benefits of a free society is the freedom of choice for adults, so long as this freedom does not deprive other persons of their freedom The decision to smoke might appear to be one of those choices, since it is usually through that the health risks of smoking are borne largely by the individuals making the choice. Factors that complicate the simplicity of this argument are: 1) Smoking is a social custom and when one person smokes, other persons in the area are exposed to the smoke. 2) Adult smoking habits provide a powerful modeling which affects the habits of children and youth. 3) Society must bear some of the social cost (increased insurance premiums and various tax burdens) of death and disability brought about by the use of tobacco. The tobacco plant  is believed to have originated in the Western Hemisphere. The cultivated species most often grown for North American and European tobacco products is Nicotiana tabacum. The leaves of the plant are prepared for smoking, chewing, or sniffing. In addition nicotine tobacco contains over 19 known carcinogens (most collectively known as tar) and more than 2,000 chemicals. Prior to European influence in the Americas, tobacco was used by the Indians of Mexico and Peru for ceremonies, medicinal purposes, and to alleviate Error! Bookmark not defined. pangs during famines. Columbus is credited with introducing tobacco into Europe. Tobacco use became widely accepted by the Portuguese, Spanish, French, British, and Scandinavians. Explorers and sailors who became dependent upon tobacco began planting seeds at their ports of call, introducing the product into other parts of Europe and Asia.

Working Women and Stress

Working Women and Stress Gender-specific work stress factors, such as sex discrimination and balancing work and family demands, may have an effect on women workers above and beyond the impact of general job stressors such as job overload and skill under-utilization. Discriminatory barriers to financial and career advancement have been linked to more frequent physical and psychological symptoms and more frequent visits to the doctor. The most effective way of reducing work stress is through organizational change in the workplace. This holds true for reducing work stress in female and male workers alike. Workplaces that actively discourage sexual discrimination and harassment, and promote family-friendly policies, appear to foster worker loyalty and attachment regardless of gender, studies indicate. Organizational changes effective for reducing job stress among women workers include expanding promotion and career ladders, introducing family-support programs and policies, and enforcing policies against sex discrimination and sexual harassment. 2.28 The article Women in Construction: Occupational Health and Working Conditions, finds that: Women may receive less on-the-job safety mentoring than men from supervisors and co-workers. This can create a potentially dangerous cycle in which tradeswomen are asked to do jobs for which they are not properly trained, then are injured when they do them or are seen as incompetent when they are unable to do them. Women in construction have reported harassment and verbal abuse by co-workers and isolation on the job severe enough that some women have looked for other employment. Patterns of work-related construction fatalities differ for men and women. For example, women construction laborers are at higher risk than male laborers of death from motor vehicle injuries, but less likely to be at risk of death from falls, machinery related injuries, or being struck by objects. Further research is needed to determine why these differences exist.(http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage.html) (14) 2.29 In one study relating to MSDs, NIOSH worked with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) to examine interventions for reducing discomfort among IRS data entry workers, the majority of whom are female. NIOSH found that periodic rest breaks throughout the work shift reduced musculoskeletal discomfort, while allowing workers to maintain job performance. (15) 2.30 According to NIOSH ,Stress at work is another issue of concern., stress at work is a growing problem for all workers, including women. In one survey, 60 percent of employed women cited stress as their number one problem at work. Furthermore, levels of stress-related illness are nearly twice as high for women as for men. Many job conditions contribute to stress among women, according to NIOSH. Such job conditions include heavy workload demands; little control over work; role ambiguity and conflict; job insecurity; poor relationships with coworkers and supervisors; and work that is narrow, repetitive, and monotonous. (16) -2.31 Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine(2005) show Health care expenditures are nearly 50% greater for workers who report high levels of stress. 2.32 Encyclopaedia of Occupational Safety and Health (2001) with title Job Stress and Health: What the Research Tells Us; 2.32.1Cardiovascular Disease Many studies suggest that psychologically demanding jobs that allow employees little control over the work process increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. 2.32.2Musculoskeletal Disorders On the basis of research by NIOSH and many other organizations, it is widely believed that job stress increases the risk for development of back and upper- extremity musculoskeletal disorders. 2.32.3Psychological Disorders Several studies suggest that differences in rates of mental health problems (such as depression and burnout) for various occupations are due partly to differences in job stress levels. (Economic and lifestyle differences between occupations may also contribute to some of these problems.) 2.32.4Workplace Injury Although more study is needed, there is a growing concern that stressful working conditions interfere with safe work practices and set the stage for injuries at work. 2.32.5Suicide, Cancer, Ulcers, and Impaired Immune Function Some studies suggest a relationship between stressful working conditions and these health problems. However, more research is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn- 2.33 NIOSH(2001) research has identified organizational characteristics with title Stress, Health, and Productivity Some employers assume that stressful working conditions are a necessary evil-that companies must turn up the pressure on workers and set aside health concerns to remain productive and profitable in todays economy. But research findings challenge this belief. Studies show that stressful working conditions are actually associated with increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit their jobs-all of which have a negative effect on the bottom line. Recent studies of so-called healthy organizations suggest that policies benefiting worker health also benefit the bottom line. A healthy organization is defined as one that has low rates of illness, injury, and disability in its workforce and is also competitive in the marketplace. NIOSH research has identified organizational characteristics associated with both healthy, low-stress work and high levels of productivity. Examples of these characteristics include the following: Recognition of employees for good work performance Opportunities for career development An organizational culture that values the individual worker Management actions that are consistent with organizational values(19) 2.34 St. Paul Fire and Marin(2007) Insurance Company conducted several studies on the effects of stress prevention programs in hospital settings.(Journal of Applied Psychology) one with title Stress Prevention and Job Performance Program activities included (1) employee and management education on job stress, (2) changes in hospital policies and procedures to reduce organizational sources of stress, and (3) establishment of employee assistance programs. 2.34.1 In one study, the frequency of medication errors declined by 50% after prevention activities were implemented in a 700-bed hospital. In a second study, there was a 70% reduction in malpractice claims in 22 hospitals that implemented stress prevention activities. In contrast, there was no reduction in claims in a matched group of 22 hospitals that did not implement stress prevention activities. 2.35 According to data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics(2004), workers who must take time off work because of stress, anxiety, or a related disorder will be off the job for about 20 days. 2.36 Northwestern National Life Insurance(1992), Minneapolis, 1992, as reported in Work in America, Vol. 17, No. 6, June 1992.] Employee burnout: Causes and cures, Part 1: Employee stress levels, GENDER WORK AND STRESS In a survey carried out in 1992 of nearly 1,300 full-time employees in a random sample of private companies in the United States, it was found that gender, among other factors (the level of the employee in the organization, income, occupation and family situation), accounted for differences in job stress at the workplace. The survey found that stress affects women more than men, and that they are significantly more likely to report burnout, stress-related illnesses or a desire to resign from their jobs. The researchers suggested several reasons for this. In the first place, women are often paid less than men for their work, even if they have college degrees. Many organizations also lack policies which respond to family issues. Single women with children, along with low-paid college graduates, are at highest risk of burnout. Some 50 per cent of single women with children reported burnout, compared to 31 per cent of married women with children. [ 2.37 European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2001)reported these figures in Research on work-related stress, The following are recent estimates which related to the cost of work-related stress: In the United Kingdom, it has been suggested that over 40 million working days are lost each year due to stress-related disorders; In Australia, the Federal Assistant Minister for Industrial relations estimated the cost of occupational stress to be around A$30 million in 1994; In the United States, over half of the 550 million working days lost each year due to absenteeism are stress-related. 2.38 Several recent studies by ILO(2004) have highlighted the links between work-related stress, violence at work, the abuse of drugs and alcohol and tobacco consumption. These studies tend to suggest that stress at work plays an important role in the development of negative individual and organizational factors and forms a common element linking working conditions, substance abuse and violent acts. There appears to be a significant correlation between difficulties in relaxing after work and negative emotions such as fear, helplessness and failure. Stressful work may contribute to the development of a desire among workers to reduce tension by drinking, using drugs and other harmful substances. Alienating work has negative consequences for the development of a healthy human personality and can result in a range of problematic behaviours at the individual level, which may include the destructive use of alcohol and other substances, as well as depression and a deterioration in normal affective life. Stressful conditions may also constitute an antecedent to an episode of workplace violence. (ILO) (http//www.ilo.org/public/English/safework/index.htm). $2.39 University of utara(2004), Malaysia, school of accounting, Report on job stress among professional accountants working in selected public firms, a Malaysia case, replicates and extends earlier studies on job stress in public accounting conducted in UK and Britain. It is done through an extensive review of literature on job stress and field study using the same questionnaire utilized in the earlier two studies with a little modification to suit Malaysian context. The study seeks answers to what may be the sources of stress. Psychological outcomes and moderators of the stressful situation in selected public accounting firms and whether there exist significant linear relationship between job stressors and mental strains. Further more, it attempts to find out whether different from sizes, functional areas and position levels differ significantly in the stressors confronted and strains experienced by public accountants. The finding indicates that stressors faced by most respondents are quantitative workload, variations in workload, responsibilities for persons and travel, very few reports confronting role conflict and role ambiguity. As for the mental strains, respondent do not show that they are experiencing any except for job and workload dissatisfactions and pay inequity. It is also found that more than 10 percent of the respondents feel that they have job autonomy and that they do not possess the type A personality traits. (24) 2.40 A research report in Saudi Medical Journal , (2003) titled Job satisfaction and organizational commitment for nurses found that nurses in public hospitals are slightly satisfied and committed to their hospitals. Besides, satisfied nurses tend to have a higher degree of commitment than less satisfied ones. 2.41 A report in journal of health(2003) with title stress and suicide in nurses revealed that the relation between stress and suicide remained U shaped.when the job stress and home stress are combined,five fold increase in risk of suicide among women occurs.risk of suicide among high stress women is more compare to low stress experience by women. 2.42 School of Health Science (2002), Blekinge Institute of Technology Karlskrona, Sweden entitled The stress experience of nursing staff in intensive care therapy, concludes that stress contains amongst other the element of moral there is shortage of nurses in the health care and organisational structure too impede nursing performance to avoid the negative consequences of stress for nurses moral support is required. In ICU stress and complex situation are common for all nurses, the stress implication are sometime ethical issues, morbidity and burn out, the report revealed. 2.43 Queensland University of Technology(2002), thesis with the title THE INFLUENCE OF WORK STRESS AND WORK SUPPORT ON BURNOUT IN PUBLIC HOSPITAL NURSES states that Australian nurses reported low to moderate levels of work stress, moderate levels of work support and moderately high levels of burnout. Work stressors, were the main predictors of Emotional Exhaustion, Conflic. Changes in the objective conditions at work have had major implications for nurses subjective experiences of work, with increasing numbers of nurses feeling stressed and as a consequence, are opting to work part-time or leave the profession . 2.44 HSJ HEALTH SCIENCE JOURNAL (2005), REPORT CARRYING THE TITLE FACTORS INFLUENCING STRESS AND JOB SATISFACTION OF NURSES WORKING IN PSYCHIATRIC UNITS A strong negative relationship was found between clinical leadership, inter-professional collaboration, and stress and job satisfaction. Although a positive relationship between clinical leadership and nurses job satisfaction was found, the association between clinical leadership and quality of inter-professional collaboration is unclear. The association between these variables and job satisfaction is positive but tenuous. In addition, a positive but weak relationship was revealed between the clinical leadership and the quality of relationships amongst nurses. Organisational issues, lack of nursing staff and patient care were found to be related to ward type mental health nurses stress emerged as mediating variables between stress and job satisfaction. A hypothetical model of the relationships between these variables is presented for testing at a future study. 2.45 A research study by Deptt of medicine (2006). University of Ottawa, enitiled, prevalence of burnout, job stress and job satisfaction The findings are that medical personnel are experiencing burnout and high levels of stress and that large numbers are considering leaving or decreasing their work hours. This is an important finding for the cancer care system, where highly trained and experienced health care workers are already in short supply. 2.46 A research paper, School of Health Care Practice 2006, Anglia Polytechnic University, Chelmsford, Essex(2009), UK, entitled Workplace stress in nursing: a literature review,finds . Workload, management style, professional conflict and emotional cost of caring and leadership style, lack of reward and shift working are the main sources of stress for nurses for many years. Stress management programe should concentrate on stress prevention as well as how organization should takle this vital issue. 2.47 The Graduate College University of Wisconsin-Stout(2005), a Research Paper with title OCCUPATIONAL STRESS IN MENTAL HEALTH COUNSELORS,concludes that The Weiman Occupational Stress Scale, introduced in 1978, is designed to measure perceived levels of occupational stress. The mental health counselors involved in completing the survey instruments scored an average of 2.57 on a five point scale, with past administrations of the Weiman Occupational Stress Scale having yielded a baseline score of 2.25. The mental health counselors in this study scored on average 13% higher than the calculated WOSS baseline. employees in publicly funded institutions (Winnebago Mental Health) experience greater perceived work stress than those counselors in privately funded clinics. 2.48 Research survey conducted by Carol Brewer(2000) has shown that new nurses face considerable professional stress and would benefit from improved nursing management Newly licensed nurses considered their jobs difficult, and they worked long hours: 51 percent worked voluntary overtime, 13 percent mandatory overtime. Sixty-one percent were assigned to nights, evenings or rotating shifts. Nearly two-thirds 62.78 percent said their work interfered with family life on at least four days a month, according to the results. Survey participants also reported a somewhat hazardous working environment: a quarter of respondents sustained at least one needle-stick in a year; 39 percent at least one strain or sprain; 21 percent a cut or laceration, 46 percent a bruise or contusion, and 62 percent reported experiencing verbal abuse on the job. A quarter found it difficult or impossible to do their jobs at least once a week due to inadequate supplies, the study showed. 2.49 An Exploration study of Job Stressors of Clinical Nursing Instructors in Taiwan(2001) found that clinical nursing instructors work-related stressors include inadequate role occupancy, increasing work demands, deficient role preparedness, lowered role control, insufficient role support, and role bargain. When a clinical instructor with lowered role control experiences more stressors, the situation of role stress will deteriorate. Role support and role bargain are the buffers of work-related stress to adapt clinical instructors for the rapidly changing educational and medical environment. Consequently, adequate role credibility for role occupancy is a necessary strategy for reducing clinical instructors work-related strain during organizational rapid change. 2.50 European Journal(2005) of Social Sciences ,article entitled Link between Job Stress and Job Satisfaction,Show that there is a significant negative relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. According to Stamps Piedmonte (1986) job satisfaction has been found significant relationship with job stress. One study of general practitioners in England identified four job stressors that were predictive of job dissatisfaction (Cooper, et al., 1989). In other study, Vinokur-Kaplan (1991) stated that organization factors such as workload and working condition were negatively related with job satisfaction. Fletcher Payne (1980) identified that a lack of satisfaction can be a source of stress, while high satisfaction can alleviate the effects of stress. This study reveals that, both of job stress and job satisfaction were found to be interrelated. The study of Landsbergis (1988) and Terry et al. (1993) showed that high levels of work stress are associated with low levels of job satisfaction. Moreover, Cummins (1990) have emphasized that job stressors are predictive of job dissatisfaction and greater propensity to leave the organization. Sheena et al. (2005) studied in UK found that there are some occupations that are reporting worse than average scores on each of the factors such as physical health, psychological well-being, and job satisfaction. The relationship between variables can be very important to academician. If a definite link exists between two variables, it could be possible for a academician to provide intervention in order to increase the level of one of the variables in hope that the intervention will also improve the other variable as well (Koslowsky, et al., 1995). 2.51 A Study of Job Stress and Job Satisfaction among University Staff in Malaysia a research article(2007) investigates the relationship between job stress and job satisfaction. Inverse relationship exist between job stress and job satisfaction The determinants of job stress that have been examined under this study include, management role, relationship with others, workload pressure, homework interface, role ambiguity, and role conflict. 2.5 Faculty of Education(2001),University of Ibadan, article, Effects of Job Stress ,states that stress has negative effect on health, physical and mental,work behaviour,and performance,satisfavtion level. 2.53 Heavy workloads, difficult students and lack of resources are stressing out Australian teachers(1999). Many also experience stress from increasing violence and bullying. In one recent year, 274 teachers in Victoria were either assaulted or threatened by students and another 70 were attacked by colleagues. Over the past five years , 910 teachers in Victoria and 1150 teachers in New South Wales have filed worker compensation claims for anxiety,depression,nervous breakdown and other stress related symptom. Union leaders say these figures are just the tip of the iceberg: Teacher are very reluctant to proceed with those claims because it just adds another problem and additional stress, explains Australian education union president John Gregory Teaching in Australia may be stressful, but the profession seems to be under siege in the Uk , Janice Howell a primary school teacher in Newport (South Wales)is one of the casualties. She initially had the assistance of an English language teacher but that teacher took long-term leave with no replacement. Unable to cope with 28 kids, 11 of them with learning or behavioral difficulties, Howell had a nervous breakdown. After recovering several months later, Howell complained to the school about the intolerable stress. Rather than providing support, the school added two more troubled kids to Howells class. One student, new to Wales, ran away one morning and was seen playing near dangerous mudflats. Although he was taken home safely, no one told Howell until the end of the day. This led to Howells second breakdown, ending her career. From being a confident, well adjusted teacher who enjoyed her job I became depressed and dysfunctional, says Howell for the first time in my life I did not want to go to work. It got to the stage that I was physically unable to enter the classroom.(DD) 2.54 Nebuo Miuro (1999) quoted in the book about stress that employees are under a lot of pressure from his employer to get a new restaurant ready for its launch. The interiors fitter from Tokyo worked late, sometimes until 4.30 in the morning. After one such marathon, Miuro caught a few hour sleep, then return for another long day. But he didnt get very far. The 47 year old suddenly took ill and keeled over while picking up his hammer and nails. He died a week later. The corners verdict was that Miuro died of Karoshi_death by overwork. Karoshi accounts for nearly 10000 deaths each year in Japan. Research indicates that long work hours cause an unhealthy lifestyle such as smoking, poor eating habits, lack of physical exercise and sleeplessness. This result in weight gain, which, along with stressful working conditions, damages the cardiovascular system and leads to strokes and heart attacks. Karoshi came to the public spotlight in the 1970s when Japans economy was booming, but the countrys current recession is making matters worse.companies are laying off employees and loading the extra work onto those who remain. Performance based expectations are replacing life qtime employment guarantees, putting further pressure on employees to work long hours. Many also blame Japans samurai spirit culture which idolizes long work hours as the ultimate symbol of company loyalty and personal fortitude. Being exhausted is considered a virtue explains a Japanese psychiatrist. So far, only 17 percent of Japanese companies offer over stressed employees some form of counseling. However the Japanese Government has launched an advertising campaign encouraging people to call a Karoshi hotline for anonymous help. The families of deceased workaholics , including Nobuo Mauros relatives are also taking action by suing the employers for lack of due care.(dd) 2.55 A report (2001) entitled Job Stress and Burnout Among Canadian Managers and Nurses: examined the relationship of job stress with burnout and its three dimensions (emotional exhaustion, lack of accomplishment and depersonalization), job satisfaction, organizational commitment and psychosomatic, health problems. Job stress was significantly correlated with overall burnout and its three dimensions and job satisfaction in both samples. In the nursing sample, job stress was also significantly correlated with psychosomatic health problems and organizational commitment. Moderated multiple regressions only marginally supported the role of gender as a moderator of stress-burnout relationship. 2.56An articl (2001) on Occupational stress experienced by male and female employees indicate that there are statistically significant differences in the stress levels of employees based on their gender. With females experiences more stress then male. And physical conditions are considered as a most stressful factor for females. Male experiences less stress with physical conditions. Women were found to experience more stress then male. They are more affected by physical conditions such as noise, lightning etc Top of Form 2.57 Journal of Managerial Psychology(2006), report on Occupational stress in different organizations , a Saudi Arabian survey(2006) The main source of stress for employees working in private organizations is the lack of knowledge about their performance evaluation results, while this is not the case for employees working in public organizations; Saudi employees have the highest levels of stress, with Arabs second, Asians third, while Westerners (Europeans and North Americans) registered the lowest levels of stress; employees who are less than 30 years old experience the highest levels of stress; employees with six-to-ten years of experience show the highest levels of stress; and there is a significant inverse relationship between educational level and stress level. Top of Form Bottom of Form 2.58 An article on Occupational stress and depression in Korean employees (2001). Inadequate social support and discomfort in occupational climate is a better predictorof depressive symptoms than organizational injustice in Korea, indicates that the newlydeveloped KOSS has cultural relevance for assessing occupational stress in Korea. 2.59 Department of Psychology Applied Psychology research study(2008) University of the Punjab, OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND JOB PERFORMANCE, indicated Workload, co-workers and repetitive work are identified as the major factors causing stress. It is concluded that there is moderate level of stress with significant difference in different departments however affect of stress is found on job performance in the selected organization. 2.60 About Occupational Stress and Employee Control (1992) Industrial psychologists discovered that how much latitude employees have at work their control over job-related decisions affects their health, their morale and their ability to handle their workload. Richard Hackman and Greg Oldham (1976) reportedthat control (in terms of job-provided autonomy) enhanced motivation and growth in blue collar, white collar and professional positions. Then, in 1979, Robert Karasek(1979) found that workers whose jobs rated high in job demands yet low in employee control (as measured by latitude over decisions) reported significantly more exhaustion after work, trouble awakening in the morning, depression, nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia or disturbed sleep than other workers. When workers facing high demands had more control, their stress was lower. This major insight into how occupational stressors affect health and well-being has led to ongoing improvements in the workplace. For example, many organizations have implemented programs designed to enhance employee control. 2.61 Colegio Oficial de Psic.logos (2007) s article OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AND STATE OF HEALTH AMONG CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS AND PSYCHIATRISTS revealed that the stress among mental health professionals (staff and trainees). Results showed that psychiatrists experienced less stress than their colleagues, and suggest specific associations between situational stressors and state of health. In particular, frustration in carrying out their work is linked to high levels of self-reported symptoms in psychologists. 2.62 A reprt presented by European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs, European Union (2007) states that work-related stress affects at least 40 million workers in its 15 Member States and that it costs the European Union approx. 20 billion annually. It is now widely acknowledged that stress at work is a very common problem and that it has a very high cost in terms of workers health, absenteeism and lower performance. 26% of workers who reported an injury or illness felt that they suffered from stress while at work in the last 12 months, and that this percentage rises 2.63 A Report titledEffects of Job Stress on Health, Personal and Work Behaviour of Nurses in Public Hospitals (2006), Department of Social Work, Faculty of Education,University of Ibadan, Nigeria,established that job stress has significant effect on physical and mental health of the nurses. It also established that there was a significant difference in personal and work behaviour of highly stressed nurses and less stressed nurses. Based on these findings,it was recommended that the government (Federal or State) and Hospital Management Boards should improve the welfare of the nurses. It was also recommended that their morale should be boosted by involving them in policy or decision-making concerning their welfare or care of their patients. Their salary should be reviewed and that they should be promoted as at when due. Work-home interference among nurses: reciprocal relationships with job demands and healt. The higher nurses job demands, the higher is their level of work-home interference and the more likely is a general health deterioration over time, in turn giving rise to higher job demands and work-home interference, which may even aggravate the nurses general health, and so on.( Research study by University of Ibadan, Nigeria 2006)